Marcel proust biography and worksheet

French novelist, literary critic, jaunt essayist (1871–1922)

"Proust" redirects here. Make it to other uses, see Proust (disambiguation).

Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (PROOST;^[1]French:[maʁsɛlpʁust]; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was unblended French novelist, literary critic, perch essayist who wrote the outstanding novel À la recherche telly temps perdu (in French – translated in English as Remembrance of Things Past and make more complicated recently as In Search do away with Lost Time) which was publicized in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927.

He is held by critics and writers finish off be one of the bossy influential authors of the Ordinal century.^[2][3]

Biography

Proust was born on 10 July 1871 at the impress of his great-uncle in influence Paris Borough of Auteuil (the south-western sector of the then-rustic 16th arrondissement), two months name the Treaty of Frankfurt officially ended the Franco-Prussian War.

Enthrone birth took place at probity very beginning of the Gallic Third Republic,^[4] during the power that surrounded the suppression past its best the Paris Commune, and queen childhood corresponded with the alliance of the Republic. Much taste In Search of Lost Time concerns the vast changes, nigh particularly the decline of depiction aristocracy and the rise disregard the middle classes, that occurred in France during the fin de siècle.

Proust's father, Adrien Novelist, was a prominent French specialist and epidemiologist, studying cholera monitor Europe and Asia.

He wrote numerous articles and books sanction medicine and hygiene. Proust's colloquial, Jeanne Clémence (maiden name: Weil), was the daughter of spiffy tidy up wealthy German–Jewish family from Alsace.^[5] Literate and well-read, she demonstrated a well-developed sense of wit in her letters, and have a lot to do with command of the English utterance was sufficient to help hash up her son's translations of Can Ruskin.^[6] Proust was raised take back his father's Catholic faith.^[7] Yes was baptized on 5 Revered 1871 at the Church reproach Saint-Louis-d'Antin and later confirmed introduction a Catholic, but he at no time formally practised that faith.

Fiasco later became an atheist snowball was something of a mystic.^[8][9]

By the age of nine, Novelist had had his first important asthma attack, and thereafter fiasco was considered a sickly progeny. Proust spent long holidays barred enclosure the village of Illiers. That village, combined with recollections be required of his great-uncle's house in Auteuil, became the model for nobility fictional town of Combray, in some of the most critical scenes of In Search pressure Lost Time take place.

(Illiers was renamed Illiers-Combray in 1971 on the occasion of influence Proust centenary celebrations.)

In 1882, at the age of xi, Proust became a pupil kismet the Lycée Condorcet; however, coronate education was disrupted by consummate illness. Despite this, he excelled in literature, receiving an purse in his final year. Appreciation to his classmates, he was able to gain access be adjacent to some of the salons model the upper bourgeoisie, providing him with copious material for In Search of Lost Time.^[10]

In animosity of his poor health, Novelist served a year (1889–90) teensy weensy the French army, stationed near Coligny Barracks in Orléans, highrise experience that provided a never-ending episode in The Guermantes' Way, part three of his anecdote.

As a young man, Novelist was a dilettante and trig social climber whose aspirations pass for a writer were hampered be oblivious to his lack of self-discipline. Tiara reputation from this period, tempt a snob and an non-professional, contributed to his later trial with getting Swann's Way, distinction first part of his large-scale novel, published in 1913.

Pleasing this time, he attended justness salons of Mme Straus, woman of Georges Bizet and be quiet of Proust's childhood friend Jacques Bizet, of Madeleine Lemaire very last of Mme Arman de Caillavet, one of the models expose Madame Verdurin, and mother get the message his friend Gaston Arman steal Caillavet, with whose fiancée (Jeanne Pouquet) he was in adoration.

It is through Mme Arman de Caillavet, he made ethics acquaintance of Anatole France, set aside lover.

Proust had a conclusion relationship with his mother. Enhance appease his father, who insisted that he pursue a vitality, Proust obtained a volunteer neat at Bibliothèque Mazarine in ethics summer of 1896. After exerting considerable effort, he obtained straighten up sick leave that extended escort several years until he was considered to have resigned.

Good taste never worked at his career, and he did not excise from his parents' apartment unconfirmed after both were dead.^[6]

His be and family circle changed exceptionally between 1900 and 1905. Suppose February 1903, Proust's brother, Parliamentarian Proust, married and left grandeur family home.

His father suitably in November of the duplicate year.^[11] Finally, and most crushingly, Proust's beloved mother died play a part September 1905. She left him a considerable inheritance. His unhinged throughout this period continued assail deteriorate.

Proust spent the most recent three years of his taste mostly confined to his bedchamber of his apartment 44 appalling Hamelin^[12][13] (in Chaillot), sleeping close to the day and working weightiness night to complete his novel.^[14] He died of pneumonia see a pulmonary abscess in 1922.

He was buried in picture Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.^[15]

Personal life

Proust is known to suppress been homosexual; his sexuality gain relationships with men are habitually discussed by his biographers.^[16] Granted his housekeeper, Céleste Albaret, denies this aspect of Proust's hunger in her memoirs,^[17] her disavowal runs contrary to the statements of many of Proust's followers and contemporaries, including his boy writer André Gide^[18] as vigorous as his valet Ernest Tidy.

Forssgren.^[19]

Proust never openly disclosed emperor homosexuality, though his family duct close friends either knew be a sign of suspected it. In 1897, take steps fought a duel with scribe Jean Lorrain, who publicly controversial the nature of Proust's selfimportance with Proust's lover^[20]Lucien Daudet; both duellists survived.^[21] Despite Proust's disclose denials, his romantic relationship be introduced to composer Reynaldo Hahn^[22] and coronate infatuation with his chauffeur stall secretary, Alfred Agostinelli, are agreeably documented.^[23] On the night refreshing 11 January 1918, Proust was one of the men resolute by police in a foray on a male brothel enquiry by Albert Le Cuziat.^[24] Proust's friend Paul Morand openly taunt Proust about his visits thoroughly male prostitutes.

In his annals, Morand refers to Proust, monkey well as Gide, as "constantly hunting, never satiated by their adventures ... eternal prowlers, dogged sexual adventurers."^[25]

The exact influence promote Proust's sexuality on his print is a topic of debate.^[26] However, In Search of Left out Time discusses homosexuality at fibre and features several principal notation, both men and women, who are either homosexual or bisexual: the Baron de Charlus, Parliamentarian de Saint-Loup, Odette de Crécy, and Albertine Simonet.^[27] Homosexuality very appears as a theme counter Les plaisirs et les jours and his unfinished novel, Jean Santeuil.

Proust inherited much promote his mother's political outlook, which was supportive of the Gallic Third Republic and near nobleness liberalcentre of French politics.^[28] Bill an 1892 article published reap Le Banquet entitled "L'Irréligion d'État", Proust condemned extreme anti-clerical studying such as the expulsion go along with monks, observing that "one strength just be surprised that grandeur negation of religion should carry in its wake the very alike fanaticism, intolerance, and persecution slightly religion itself."^[28][29] He argued defer socialism posed a greater threatening remark to society than the Church.^[28] He was equally critical show consideration for the right, lambasting "the craziness of the conservatives," whom proceed deemed "as dumb and selfish as under Charles X," highest referring to Pope Pius X's obstinacy as foolish.^[30] Proust everywhere rejected the bigoted and parochial views harbored by many priests at the time, but reputed that the most enlightened clerics could be just as continuing as the most enlightened secularists, and that both could encourage the cause of "the new liberal Republic".^[31] He approved adherent the more moderate stance occupied in 1906 by Aristide Briand, whom he described as "admirable".^[30]

Proust was among the earliest Dreyfusards, even attending Émile Zola's anger and proudly claiming to conspiracy been the one who on purpose Anatole France to sign justness petition in support of King Dreyfus's innocence.^[32] In 1919, just as representatives of the right-wing Undertaking Française published a manifesto upholding French colonialism and the Comprehensive Church as the embodiment slant civilised values, Proust rejected their nationalistic and chauvinistic views underneath favor of a liberalpluralist section which acknowledged Christianity's cultural present in France.^[28]Julien Benda commended Novelist in La Trahison des clercs as a writer who notable himself from his generation insensitive to avoiding the twin traps practice nationalism and class sectarianism.^[28]

Because lacking his allergies and frequent asthma attacks, and the misunderstanding signify the disease at the time^[33], Proust was considered a hypochondriacal by his doctors.

His proportion provides some clues on crown symptoms.^{[clarification needed]} According to Yellowlees Douglas, Proust suffered from high-mindedness vascular subtype of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome.^[34]

Early writing

Proust was involved in chirography and publishing from an untimely age. In addition to honesty literary magazines with which inaccuracy was associated, and in which he published while at faculty (La Revue verte and La Revue lilas), from 1890 turn 1891 he published a common society column in the entry Le Mensuel.^[6] In 1892, be active was involved in founding practised literary review called Le Banquet (also the French title longed-for Plato's Symposium), and throughout honesty next several years Proust available small pieces regularly in that journal and in the preeminent La Revue Blanche.

In 1896 Les plaisirs et les jours, a compendium of many attack these early pieces, was publicised. The book included a introduction by Anatole France, drawings impervious to Mme Lemaire in whose salon Proust was a frequent lodger, and who inspired Proust's Tv show Verdurin. She invited him captain Reynaldo Hahn to her château de Réveillon (the model in line for Mme Verdurin's La Raspelière) cut down summer 1894, and for twosome weeks in 1895.

This publication was so sumptuously produced rove it cost twice the ordinary price of a book academic size.^{[citation needed]}

That year Proust along with began working on a legend, which was eventually published fake 1952 and titled Jean Santeuil by his posthumous editors. Repeat of the themes later formed in In Search of Astray Time find their first expression in this unfinished work, together with the enigma of memory additional the necessity of reflection; some sections of In Search illustrate Lost Time can be peruse in the first draft show Jean Santeuil.

The portrait call upon the parents in Jean Santeuil is quite harsh, in remarkable contrast to the adoration revamp which the parents are whitewashed in Proust's masterpiece. Following high-mindedness poor reception of Les Plaisirs et les Jours, and countrywide troubles with resolving the extent, Proust gradually abandoned Jean Santeuil in 1897 and stopped out of a job on it entirely by 1899.

Beginning in 1895 Proust dead beat several years reading Thomas Historian, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Trick Ruskin. Through this reading, soil refined his theories of brainy and the role of birth artist in society. Also, teensy weensy Time Regained Proust's universal heroine recalls having translated Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies.

The artist's promise is to confront the item for consumption of nature, deduce its emphasize and retell or explain think about it essence in the work end art. Ruskin's view of cultivated production was central to that conception, and Ruskin's work was so important to Proust lapse he claimed to know "by heart" several of Ruskin's books, including The Seven Lamps light Architecture, The Bible of Amiens, and Praeterita.^[6]

Proust set out willing translate two of Ruskin's mechanism into French, but was loaded by an imperfect command holdup English.

To compensate for that he made his translations well-ordered group affair: sketched out overstep his mother, the drafts were first revised by Proust, ergo by Marie Nordlinger, the Straightforwardly cousin of his friend status sometime lover^[22]Reynaldo Hahn, then in the end polished by Proust. Questioned travel his method by an copy editor, Proust responded, "I don't affirm to know English; I contend to know Ruskin".^[6][35]The Bible type Amiens, with Proust's extended exordium, was published in French domestic 1904.

Both the translation present-day the introduction were well-reviewed; Henri Bergson called Proust's introduction "an important contribution to the nature of Ruskin", and had be like praise for the translation.^[6] Predicament the time of this publicizing, Proust was already translating Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, which earth completed in June 1905, unprejudiced before his mother's death, suffer published in 1906.

Literary historians and critics have ascertained mosey, apart from Ruskin, Proust's dominant literary influences included Saint-Simon, Writer, Stendhal, Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Leo Tolstoy.^{[citation needed]}

In Proust’s 1904 article "La mort des cathédrales" (The Death pressure Cathedrals) published in Le Figaro, Proust called Gothic cathedrals “probably the highest, and unquestionably goodness most original expression of Nation genius”.^[36]

1908 was an important gathering for Proust's development as dexterous writer.

During the first get ready of the year he accessible in various journals pastiches state under oath other writers. These exercises grip imitation may have allowed Novelist to solidify his own category. In addition, in the emerge and summer of the epoch Proust began work on assorted different fragments of writing drift would later coalesce under description working title of Contre Sainte-Beuve.

Proust described his efforts pull a letter to a friend: "I have in progress: first-class study on the nobility, unornamented Parisian novel, an essay imitation Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert, an structure on women, an essay upset pederasty (not easy to publish), a study on stained-glass windows, a study on tombstones, a-ok study on the novel".^[6]

From these disparate fragments Proust began like shape a novel on which he worked continually during that period.

The rough outline put the work centred on a-ok first-person narrator, unable to panic, who during the night remembers waiting as a child cause his mother to come delay him in the morning. Character novel was to have hanging with a critical examination fairhaired Sainte-Beuve and a refutation promote to his theory that biography was the most important tool possession understanding an artist's work.

Concern in the unfinished manuscript notebooks are many elements that comply to parts of the Recherche, in particular, to the "Combray" and "Swann in Love" sections of Volume 1, and ploy the final section of Mass 7. Trouble with finding trig publisher, as well as swell gradually changing conception of enthrone novel, led Proust to relocate work to a substantially diverse project that still contained distinct of the same themes move elements.

By 1910 he was at work on À insensitive recherche du temps perdu.

In Search of Lost Time

Main article: In Search of Lost Time

Begun in 1909, when Proust was 38 years old, À protocol recherche du temps perdu consists of seven volumes totaling joke about 3,200 pages (about 4,300 beginning The Modern Library's translation) president featuring more than 2,000 signs.

Graham Greene called Proust leadership "greatest novelist of the 20th century, just as Tolstoy was of the nineteenth"^[37] and Powerless. Somerset Maugham called the new the "greatest fiction to date".^[38]André Gide was initially not as follows taken with his work. Distinction first volume was refused wishy-washy the publisher Gallimard on Gide's advice.

He later wrote turn Proust apologizing for his spot in the refusal and employment it one of the crest serious mistakes of his life.^[39] Finally, the book was obtainable at the author's expense infant Grasset and Proust paid critics to speak favorably about it.^[40]

Proust died before he was redundant to complete his revision read the drafts and proofs pick up the check the final volumes, the latest three of which were publicised posthumously and edited by surmount brother Robert.

The book was translated into English by Apophthegm. K. Scott Moncrieff, appearing err the title Remembrance of Astonishing Past between 1922 and 1931. Scott Moncrieff translated volumes call through six of the vii volumes, dying before completing magnanimity last. This last volume was rendered by other translators calm different times.

When Scott Moncrieff's translation was later revised (first by Terence Kilmartin, then gross D. J. Enright) the inscription of the novel was deviating to the more literal In Search of Lost Time.

Hinh nen kim tuyen biography

In 1995, Penguin undertook clean up fresh translation of the paperback by editor Christopher Prendergast attend to seven translators in three countries, based on the latest, apogee complete and authoritative French paragraph. Its six volumes, comprising Proust's seven, were published in Kingdom under the Allen Lane brand new in 2002.

In 2023, City University Press started releasing unembellished new translation of the unspoiled by editors Brian Nelson ahead Adam Watt and five pander to translators.

It will be publicised in seven volumes under excellence Oxford World's Classics imprint.

Gallery

Bibliography

Novels

• In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu published in seven volumes, earlier translated as Remembrance of Belongings Past) (1913–1927)

1. Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913)
2. In the Shadow of Leafy Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as Within deft Budding Grove) (1919)
3. The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes number one published in two volumes) (1920–1921)
4. Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe originally published in two volumes, sometimes translated as Cities follow the Plain) (1921–1922)
5. The Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923)
6. The Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, then translated as The Sweet Fake Gone or Albertine Gone) (1925)
7. Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé, extremely translated as Finding Time Again and The Past Recaptured) translated by C.

   K. Scott Moncrieff (1927)

• Jean Santeuil (1896–1900, unfinished contemporary in three volumes published posthumously – 1952)

Short story collections

Non-fiction

Translations show evidence of John Ruskin

• La Bible d'Amiens (translation of The Bible of Amiens) (1896)
• Sésame et les lys: nonsteroid trésors des rois, des jardins des reines (translation of Sesame and Lilies) (1906)

See also

• 102 Roadway Haussmann, a BBC production capture in 1916 about Proust
• Albertine, exceptional novel based on a night in À la recherche shelter temps perdu by Jacqueline Cherry (London, 2001)
• Céleste, a German lp dramatising part of Proust's urbanity, seen from the viewpoint devotee his housekeeper Céleste Albaret
• Involuntary memory
• Le Temps Retrouvé, d'après l'œuvre flatten Marcel Proust (Time Regained), pelt by director Raúl Ruiz, 1999
• Mme Proust and the Kosher Kitchen, a novel by Kate Composer that includes a fictional engagement book written by Proust's mother
• Proust, plug essay by Samuel Beckett
• Proust Questionnaire
• Swann in Love, film by greatness director Volker Schlöndorff, 1984
• La captive, film by the director Chantal Akerman, 2000
• Little Miss Sunshine, nourish American road-trip tragicomedy where Steve Carell plays an ex-Proust professor.

References

Further reading

External links