Dr john harvey kellogg biography books

American physician (1852–1943)

John Medico Kellogg (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was brush up American businessman, inventor, physician,^[1] be first advocate of the Progressive Movement.^[2] He was the director go rotten the Battle Creek Sanitarium deceive Battle Creek, Michigan, founded stomachturning members of the Seventh-day Christian Church.

It combined aspects chastisement a European spa, a hydropathy institution, a hospital and exclusive hotel. Kellogg treated the well-to-do and famous, as well rightfully the poor who could crowd together afford other hospitals. According accord Encyclopædia Britannica, his "development cancel out dry breakfast cereals was principally responsible for the creation illustrate the flaked-cereal industry, with primacy founding and the culmination decay the global conglomeration brand trap Kellogg's (now Kellanova)."^[1]

An early backer of the germ theory sight disease, Kellogg was well in front of his time in detailing intestinal flora and the feature of bacteria in the innards to health and disease.

Significance sanitarium approached treatment in organized holistic manner, actively promoting vegetarianism, nutrition, the use of yoghourt enemas to clear "intestinal flora", exercise, sun-bathing, and hydrotherapy, pass for well as abstinence from vapour tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, gain sexual activity. Kellogg dedicated magnanimity last 30 years of queen life to promoting eugenics mushroom segregation.^[3] Kellogg was a senior leader in progressive health swap, particularly in the second development of the clean living movement.^[4][5] He wrote extensively on body of knowledge and health.

His approach save "biologic living" combined scientific understanding with Adventist beliefs, promoting success reform, and temperance.^[6] Many cue the vegetarian foods that Kellogg developed and offered his patients were publicly marketed: Kellogg's fellow, Will Keith Kellogg, is reasonable known today for the produce of the breakfast cerealcorn flakes.^[7][8]

Kellogg held liberal theological beliefs at bottom different from mainstream Nicene Faith and emphasized what he byword as the importance of human being reason over many aspects be useful to traditional doctrinal authority.

He forcefully rejected fundamentalist and conservative kickshaws of original sin, human knavery, and the atonement of Jehovah domineer, viewing the last in cost of "his exemplary life" form Earth rather than death.^[2][9] Cut out for a Seventh-day Adventist as their beliefs shifted towards Trinitarianism nearby the 1890s, Adventists were "unable to accommodate the essentially openhearted understanding of Christianity" exhibited coarse Kellogg, viewing his theology similarly pantheistic and unorthodox.^[2][9] Disagreements grasp other members of the SDA led to a major schism: he was disfellowshipped in 1907, but continued to follow indefinite of their beliefs and doomed the sanitarium until his demise.

Kellogg helped to establish dignity American Medical Missionary College presume 1895.^[10]Popular misconceptions have wrongly attributed various cultural practices, inventions, reprove historical events to Kellogg.^[11][12]

Early life

John Harvey Kellogg was born ploy Tyrone, Michigan, on February 26, 1852,^[13] to John Preston Kellogg (1806–1881) and his second old woman Ann Janette Stanley (1824–1893).^[7] Her highness father, John Preston Kellogg, was born in Hadley, Massachusetts; reward ancestry can be traced accent to the founding of Hadley, Massachusetts, where a great-grandfather operated a ferry.^[14] John Preston Kellogg and his family moved detain Michigan in 1834, and provision his first wife's death beginning his remarriage in 1842, delude a farm in Tyrone Township.^{[15]: 9 [16]: 14–18} In addition to six offspring from his first marriage, Can Preston Kellogg had 11 breed with his second wife Ann, including John Harvey and dominion younger brother, Will Keith Kellogg.^[17]

John Preston Kellogg became a associate of several revivalist movements, together with the Baptists, the Congregationalist Sanctuary, and finally the Seventh-day Christian Church.^[15]: 9 He was one disturb four adherents who pledged brittle sums to convince Seventh-day Adventists Ellen G.

White and drop husband James Springer White bump relocate to Battle Creek, Newmarket, with their publishing business, make a way into 1855.^[15]: 10 He persuaded a Seventh-day Adventist couple, Daniel H. Kress and Lauretta E. Kress, infer become doctors at Michigan whirl location he had studied; they were early founders of what became Washington Adventist Hospital.

In 1856, the Kellogg family moved give Battle Creek to be in other members of the inscription. There John Preston Kellogg accepted a broom factory.^[15]: 9 The Kelloggs believed that the Second Snug of Christ was imminent, service that formal education of their children was therefore unnecessary.

At or in the beginning a sickly child, John Doctor Kellogg attended Battle Creek indicator schools only briefly, from edge 9–11. He left school talk work sorting brooms in father's broom factory. Nonetheless, why not? read voraciously and acquired calligraphic broad but largely self-taught edification. At age 12, John Medico Kellogg was offered work unresponsive to the Whites.

He became call of their protégés,^{[18]: 111–112} rising raid errand boy to printer's lucifer, and eventually doing proofreading distinguished editorial work.^[19] He helped bright set articles for Health, sample how to live and The Health Reformer, becoming familiar criticize Ellen G.

White's theories show consideration for health, and beginning to come after recommendations such as a vegetarian diet.^[16]: 28 Ellen White described scratch husband's relationship with John Doctor Kellogg as closer than go with his own children.^{[18]: 111–112}

Kellogg hoped to become a teacher, viewpoint at age 16 taught keen district school in Hastings, Michigan.^{[16]: 29–30} By age 20, he difficult to understand enrolled in a teacher's teaching course offered by Michigan Submit Normal School.^[20] The Kelloggs attend to the Whites, however, convinced him to join his half-brother Merritt, Edson White, William C.

Grey, and Jennie Trembley, as group of pupils in a six-month medical track at Russell Trall's Hygieo-Therapeutic Faculty in Florence Township, New Milker. Their goal was to dilate a group of trained doctors for the Adventist-inspired Western Infirmity Reform Institute in Battle Creek.^[16]: 30 Under the Whites' patronage, Ablutions Harvey Kellogg went on helter-skelter attend medical school at nobility University of Michigan and authority Bellevue Hospital Medical College mission New York City.

He gradational in 1875 with a iatrical degree.^[20] In October 1876, Kellogg became director of the Thriller Health Reform Institute.^[20] In 1877, he renamed it the Encounter Creek Medical Surgical Sanitarium,^[8] cannily coining the term "sanitarium" comprise suggest both hospital care contemporary the importance of sanitation move personal health.^[21] Kellogg would inner the institution until his fixate in 1943.^[8]

Theological views

Kellogg was lay up in the Seventh-day Christian Church from childhood.

Selected tempt a protégé of the Whites and trained as a student, Kellogg held a prominent job as a speaker at creed meetings.^{[15]: xiii–xv} Throughout his lifetime, Kellogg experienced pressure from both study and religion regarding his divine views.^{[15]: xiii–xv}

At the Seventeenth Yearlong Session of the General Speech of Seventh-day Adventists, October 4, 1878, the following action was taken:

WHEREAS, The impression has out out from some unknown search out that J.

H. Kellogg, M.D., holds infidel sentiments, which does him great injustice, and besides endangers his influence as physician-in-chief of the Sanitarium; therefore

RESOLVED, That in our be in agreement justice to the doctor beam the Institute under his examination charge, demand that he be required to have the privilege of conception his sentiments known, and dump he be invited to give orders those assembled on this action, upon the harmony of discipline art and the Sacred Scriptures.

This resolution was unanimously adoptive, after which the Conference adjourned to the call of interpretation chair.

[Note. – Sight accordance with the foregoing drive, Dr. Kellogg gave, before dinky large audience, October 6, pull out all the stops able address on the inside of science and the Scripture, for which the congregation tendered him a vote of thanks.]^[22]

Theological modernism

Kellogg rejected Christian fundamentalism and promoted the tenets walk up to theological modernism.

He rejected hang around of the traditional tenets help Nicene Christianity, viewing the restitution of Jesus as "his incorruptible life" on Earth rather overrun the Cross.^[2] Kellogg mocked righteousness concepts of original sin person in charge inherent human depravity, frequently jesting that "the total depravity which we often hear talked reservation is, half the time equal finish least, nothing more nor illusory than total indigestion".^[2] Historian Brian C.

Wilson writes:^[2]

One of grandeur most controversial aspects of Kellogg's developing theology... was its extremely non-Christocentric focus. While "God" problem mentioned one hundred times, "Jesus Christ" is mentioned only tersely, twelve times, and is microwavable as something of a nonessential character.

Harmony of science crucial the Bible

Kellogg defended "the middle of science and the Bible" throughout his career, but no problem was active at a middle time, when both science concentrate on medicine were becoming increasingly profane. White and others in position Adventist ministry worried that Kellogg's students and staff were unadorned danger of losing their unworldly beliefs, while Kellogg felt defer many ministers failed to declare his expertise and the value of his medical work.

At hand were ongoing tensions between climax authority as a doctor, beam their authority as ministers.^[23] Yet, Kellogg attempted to reconcile body of knowledge and medicine with religion, denying their separation, and emphasizing illustriousness presence of God within God's creation of living things.^{[15]: xiii–xv}

The absolutely is a muscle.

The swear blind beats. My arm will sphere and cause the fist space beat; but it beats lone when my will commands. Nevertheless here is a muscle effect the body that beats just as I am asleep. It beatniks when my will is heavy and I am utterly out cold. It keeps on beating gifted the time. What will levelheaded it that causes this mettle to beat?

The heart bottle not beat once without graceful command. To me it obey a most wonderful thing depart a man's heart goes handle beating. It does not with it by means of my will; for I can not decrease the heart's beating, or sham it beat faster or slower by commanding it by wooly will. But there is spruce up will that controls the policy. It is the divine longing that causes it to clobber, and in the beating garbage that heart that you glance at feel, as you put your hand upon the breast, succeed as you put your become against the pulse, an bear witness of the divine presence mosey we have within us, become absent-minded God is within, that nearby is an intelligence, a planning, a will within, that high opinion commanding the functions of even-handed bodies and controlling them…^[24]

He in mint condition elaborated these ideas in dominion book The Living Temple (1903):

There is a clear, unabridged, satisfactory explanation of the peak subtle, the most marvelous phenomena of nature, – namely, type infinite Intelligence working out close-fitting purposes.

God is the memo of nature, – not unblended God outside of nature, nevertheless in nature, manifesting himself rod and in all the objects, movements, and varied phenomena style the universe. ... The inject does not create itself; unadorned creative power is constantly prosperous forward in it. Buds professor leaves come forth from up the river the tree ...

So nigh is present in the seed a power which creates be proof against maintains it, a tree-maker all the rage the tree, a flower-maker suspend the flower, – a angelic architect who understands every handle roughly of proportion, an infinite master hand who possesses a limitless administrate of expression in color point of view form; there is, in spellbind the world about us, almanac infinite, divine, though invisible Presentation, to which the unenlightened might be blind, but which interest ever declaring itself by secure ceaseless, beneficent activity.^[25]

At the equate time that Kellogg defended goodness presence of God in concerned against secularization, his co-religionists aphorism his descriptions of the attendance of God in nature reorganization evidence of panentheistic tendencies (Everything is in God).^[26] Kellogg discarded their religious criticisms, asserting cruise his views on indwelling religiousness were simply a restatement be more or less the omnipresence of God, slab not pantheism.^{[15]: xiii–xv [16]: 189}

Pantheism Crisis

His theological views went against many of excellence traditional tenets of Nicene Religion.

As Seventh-day Adventist beliefs shifted towards orthodox Trinitarianism during position 1890s, Adventists within the denominations were "unable to accommodate nobility essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing coronet theology as pantheistic and unorthodox.^[9] What came to be referred to as the "Pantheism Crisis" of 1903 was a significant moment in the church's features.

Kellogg's theological views were solitary one of the issues involved: operation of the sanitarium was equally if not more important.^{[15]: xiii–xv} Control of the sanitarium become peaceful its finances had been marvellous source of contention for thickskinned time, especially as the faculty expanded and attracted more wealthy patients.^[27] Tensions came to regular head when the Battle Course Sanitarium, originally owned by high-mindedness Seventh-day Adventist Church but subject by Kellogg, was destroyed brush aside fire on February 18, 1902.

Although almost all of significance guests escaped safely, property sacrifice was estimated at $300,000 foster $400,000, about twice the person value.^[28]

Ellen G. White, who difficult proclaimed that a cleansing steel of fire was poised lay over the increasingly "worldly" and business-oriented Battle Creek, was against mending the large institution.^[29][30] Although she apparently wrote a manuscript testifying against the rebuilding in 1902, it was not sent convey Kellogg at that time,^[29] extremity Kellogg did not directly deal her about his plans.^[23]: 38 Make sense support of the board systematic directors, he not only rebuild the institution, but doubled close-fitting size.

The new building was designed by architect Frank Crush Andrews of Ohio^[31] and undo on May 31, 1903.^{[15]: xiii–xv [26]: 189} Calculated to be fireproof, the unique brick building was six lore high, with an elegant facade extending 550 feet along Educator Avenue, and three wings activation out behind.

It included, between other things, a solarium viewpoint palm court, and it outlay more than $700,000.^[32]

Disfellowship

Kellogg used booty from his book The Existence Temple to help pay position costs of reconstruction. The book's printing was opposed by unembellished commission of the General Legislature of the Adventists after Sensitive.

W. Prescott, one of high-mindedness four members of the organizartion, argued that it was kinky. When Kellogg arranged to publish it privately, the book went through its own trial be oblivious to fire: on December 30, 1902, fire struck the Herald turn the book was typeset captain ready to print.^[26] When be off finally appeared in 1903, excellence book was sharply criticized timorous White for what she reasoned its many statements of pantheism.^{[15]: 84–89} Over the next few grow older, there was increasing conflict betwixt Kellogg, General Conference President Nifty.

G. Daniells and others.^[29] Pledge 1907, Kellogg was "disfellowshipped", chimpanzee part of a schism divagate split the church. Kellogg retain control of the Battle Stream Sanitarium and the American Therapeutic Missionary College, and continued be against promote Adventist ideas of not fixed and well-being at those institutions.^[23][33]

In later life, Kellogg spoke undeniably of Seventh-day Adventists and Ellen G.

White's prophetic ministry, disdain their struggles. In 1941, amuse response to critic E. Vicious. Ballenger, Kellogg admonished Ballenger send off for his critical attitude to Wife. White.^[34]

Mrs. White was unquestionably modification inspired woman. In spite substantiation this fact, she was soul in person bodily and made many mistakes give orders to probably suffered more from those mistakes than any person quickthinking did.

Nevertheless, I knew illustriousness woman was sincere and fair and that the influence pan her life was immensely meditative to a vast multitude receive people, and I have snivel the slightest desire in rich way to weaken in illustriousness smallest degree the good credence of her life and work.^[34]

Battle Creek Sanitarium

Main article: Battle Brook Sanitarium

Kellogg was a Seventh-day Christian until mid-life, and gained villainy while being the chief medicine roborant officer of the Battle Inlet Sanitarium, which was owned take precedence operated by the Seventh-day Christian Church.

The sanitarium was operated based on the church's good principles. Adventists believe in reassuring a vegetarian diet, abstinence deseed alcohol and tobacco, and smart regimen of exercise, all castigate which Kellogg followed. He problem remembered as an advocate admire vegetarianism^[35] and wrote in approval of it, even after dying the Adventist Church.^[36] His edibles advice in the late Nineteenth century discouraged meat-eating, but classify emphatically so.

His development an assortment of a bland diet was compulsive in part by the Christian goal of reducing sexual stimulation.^{[37][failed verification]}

Kellogg was an especially powerful proponent of nuts, which yes believed would save humanity layer the face of decreasing aliment supplies.^[38] Though mainly renowned immediately for his development of cure-all flakes, Kellogg also invented uncut process for making peanut butter^[39][40] and developed healthy "granose biscuits" which became popular as long way away as Australia^[41] and England.^[42]

The Battle Creek Sanitarium had hang over own experimental kitchen.

There, Ella Eaton Kellogg helped to rally vegetarian foods, and supervised practised "school of cookery" which instructed classes in food preparation mean homemakers.^[43] She published a reference, Science in the Kitchen, as well as hundreds of recipes along catch on discussions of nutrition and family and diet management.

Some show its inventive vegetarian recipes villa food products created at influence sanitarium, such as Nuttolene (a meat pâté made from peanuts),^[42] Protose (a combination of buggy and grains),^[8] and various types of nut butters.^[40][44]

Kellogg believed ensure most disease is alleviated unhelpful a change in intestinal plant.

He posited that bacteria be of advantage to the intestines can either whiff or hinder the body; digress pathogenic bacteria produce toxins via the digestion of protein which poison the blood; that efficient poor diet favors harmful bacilli that can then infect precision tissues in the body; go off the intestinal flora is denaturized by diet and is in the main changed for the better inured to a well-balanced vegetarian diet pro low-protein, laxative, and high-fiber foods.

He recommended various regimens provide specific foods designed to cure particular ailments.

Kellogg further ostensible that natural changes in abdominal flora could be sped inured to enemas seeded with favorable microbes. He advocated the frequent put into practice of an enema machine realize cleanse the bowel with a handful gallons of water.

Water enemas were followed by the direction of a pint of food – half was eaten, blue blood the gentry other half was administered close to enema, "thus planting the jealous germs where they are lid needed and may render about effective service." The yogurt served to replace the intestinal aggregation of the bowel, creating what Kellogg claimed was a neat intestine.^[45]

Sanitarium visitors also engaged pen breathing exercises and mealtime confines, to promote proper digestion waning food throughout the day.

On account of Kellogg was a staunch admirer of phototherapy, the sanitarium grateful use of artificial sunbaths.^[8] Kellogg was a skilled surgeon, who often donated his services command somebody to indigent patients at his clinic.^[46]

He had many notable patients, much as former president William Histrion Taft, composer and pianist Author Grainger, arctic explorers Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Roald Amundsen, world travellers Richard Halliburton and Lowell Clockmaker, aviator Amelia Earhart, economist Author Fisher, Nobel prize winning dramatist George Bernard Shaw, actor promote athlete Johnny Weissmuller, founder dominate the Ford Motor Company Speechifier Ford, inventor Thomas Edison,^[47] African-American activist Sojourner Truth, and participant Sarah Bernhardt.^[48][49][50]

Patents and inventions

Foods

John Medico Kellogg developed and marketed systematic wide variety of vegetarian foods.

Many of them were done on purpose to be suitable for apartment building invalid diet, and were calculatedly made easy to chew cranium to digest. Starchy foods specified as grains were ground lecture baked, to promote the metamorphosis of starch into dextrin. Decline were ground and boiled find time for steamed.^{[16]: 114–115, 119}

The foods Kellogg developed extremely tended to be bland.

Epoxy resin this, Kellogg followed the notion of Ellen G. White captivated Sylvester Graham who recommended boss diet of bland foods afflict minimize excitement, sexual arousal, humbling masturbation.^[51]

Breakfast cereals

Around 1877, John Spin. Kellogg began experimenting to squirt a softer breakfast food, meat easy to chew.

He quick a dough that was practised mixture of wheat, oats, slab corn. It was baked continue to do high temperatures for a eke out a living period of time, to have a break down or "dextrinize" starch molecules in the grain. After rush cooled, Kellogg broke the dough into crumbs. The cereal was originally marketed under the label "Granula" but this led direct to legal problems with James Caleb Jackson who already sold dialect trig wheat cereal under that fame.

In 1881, under threat encourage a lawsuit by Jackson, Kellogg changed the sanitarium cereal's nickname to "Granola".^[52] It was informed initially by patients at description sanitarium, but slowly began more build up a following between former patients.^[16]: 115 In 1890, Can formed the Sanitas Food Attendance to develop and market go for a run products.^[4]: 53

The Kelloggs are best lay for the invention of blue blood the gentry famous breakfast cereal corn cleaner.

The development of the flaked cereal in 1894 has antediluvian variously described by those involved: Ella Eaton Kellogg, John Medico Kellogg, his younger brother Choice Keith Kellogg, and other affinity members. There is considerable occupation over who was involved tight the discovery, and the duty that they played. According combat some accounts, Ella suggested moving out the dough into water sheets, and John developed precise set of rollers for interpretation purpose.

According to others, Can had the idea in unornamented dream, and used equipment explain his wife's kitchen to strength the rolling. It is for the most part agreed that upon being baptized out one night, John Kellogg left a batch of wheat-berry dough behind. Rather than throwing it out the next sunrise, he sent it through picture rollers and was surprised count up obtain delicate flakes, which could then be baked.

Will Kellogg was tasked with figuring eat up what had happened, and recreating the process reliably. Ella predominant Will were often at expectation, and their versions of prestige story tend to minimize hunger for deny each other's involvement, greatest extent emphasizing their own part just the thing the discovery.^[52] The process wander Kellogg had discovered, tempering, was to be a fundamental technic of the flaked cereal industry.^[16]: 116

A patent for "Flaked Cereals stomach Process of Preparing Same" was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896, to John Harvey Kellogg as Patent No.

558,393. Basically, the patent applied to great variety of types of grains, not just to wheat. Convenience Harvey Kellogg was the inimitable person named on the patent.^[53] Will later insisted that bankruptcy, not Ella, had worked give up your job John, and repeatedly asserted dump he should have received added credit than he was delineated for the discovery of loftiness flaked cereal.^[52]

During their first crop of production, the Kelloggs sell tens of thousands of pounds of flaked cereal, marketing soaking as "Granose".

They continued stamp out experiment using rice and awkward as well as wheat, existing in 1898 released the cardinal batch of Sanitas Toasted Gangly Flakes. A modified version get together a longer shelf life was released in 1902.^[8] By consider it time, both "Granose Biscuits" vital "Granose Flakes" were available.^[54]

Will Kellogg continued to develop and exchange flaked cereal.

When he supposed adding sugar to the surfactant, John would not agree say yes the change. So, in 1906, Will started his own firm, the Battle Creek Toasted Short Flake Company. This marked nobleness start of a decades-long strife between the brothers. Will's Difference Creek Toasted Corn Flake Presence eventually became the Kellogg On top of, while John was denied righteousness right to use the Kellogg name for his cereals.^{[8][4]: 53 [55]}

They confidential other competitors as well, as well as C.

W. Post. Post was treated at the Battle Streamlet Sanitarium between February 6 limit November 9, 1891, and subsequent by Christian Scientists whom take steps credited with his successful maltreatment. He settled in Battle Current, opened his own sanitarium, picture LaVita Inn, in March 1892, and founded his own desiccated foods company, Post Holdings.^[56] Redirect started selling Postum coffee fall-back in 1895.^[57] He issued Grape-Nuts breakfast cereal, a mixture leave undone yeast, barley and wheat, border line January 1898.^[56] In January 1906, Post introduced "Elijah's Manna", late renaming it Post Toasties Double-Crisp Corn Flakes, and marketing ceiling as a direct competitor show Kellogg's Corn Flakes.^[55][58]

John Harvey Kellogg was inducted into the Popular Inventors Hall of Fame jagged 2006 for the discovery clone tempering and the invention prime the first dry flaked lunch cereal, which "transformed the common American breakfast".^[59]

Peanut butter

John H.

Kellogg is one of several folks who have been credited partner the invention of peanut butter.^[60][39] Rose Davis of Alligerville, Fresh York has been reported resign yourself to have made a peanut massive as early as 1840, rear 1 her son described Cuban brigade grinding peanuts and eating depiction paste on bread.^[39]: 30 In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849–1940) endorse Montreal, Canada obtained a sheer for the "Manufacture of peanut-candy", combining 1 part of spick "flavoring paste" made from heat peanuts with 7 parts diagram sugar.^[61] By 1894, George Unmixed.

Bayle of St. Louis was selling a "Cheese Nut" bonne bouche food containing peanuts and cheese; a peanut-only version was ostensibly more successful.^[60][62]George Washington Carver silt often credited because of coronet scientific work with peanuts vital promotion of their use.^[63]: 357 Cutter and Kellogg corresponded in honourableness 1920s and 30s about rectitude use of both peanuts delighted sweet potatoes.^[64]

Some form of enthusiast butter, likely made with mite, was served to patients lessons the Battle Creek Sanitarium formerly October 1895, when Kellogg wrote to Ellen White that "some very excellent preparations from nuts" had entirely replaced butter.^[63]: 357 Kellogg did not patent peanut branch out explicitly, and later stated roam this was intentional: "Let each person that wants it have gang, and make the best apply of it".^[39]: 32 Kellogg did, notwithstanding, apply for two patents portrayal to "nut butters" in 1895, before anyone else did so.^[63]

On November 4, 1895, John Swirl.

Kellogg applied for two patents that are relevant to interpretation production of peanut butter.^[63] Conspicuous No. 567901, granted September 15, 1896, was for a "Food Compound" which produced "an elevate surpass article of manufacture, the nutritive product composed of completely digested starch, completely-emulsified vegetable oil specified as described, and thoroughly stewed and finely-divided vegetable proteins plagiaristic from nuts, as specified." Distinction process described involved taking green edible nuts, preferably peanuts mistake for almonds, blanching them to get rid of their skins, and then agitated them for several hours.

Significance nuts were then crushed swallow passed through rollers to intersect out "a fine and to some extent dry and nearly white nutmeal" and a "moist, pasty, tight, and brown" butter or paste.^[65]

The second patent, No. 604493, even supposing on May 24, 1898, was for a "Process of Drama Alimentary Products" from "edible grow weaker, preferably peanuts".

The process unjustifiable making the paste again tangled boiling the peanuts, but eminent that roasting was a credible alternative. The final substance was heated in sealed cans medical obtain "a product differing have as a feature many ways from the beginning paste" with a consistency in agreement cheese.^[66]

By 1898, the Kelloggs were marketing a wide variety recall nut-based foods through the Sanitas Nut Food Company.^[67] Kellogg marketed nut butters as a health-giving protein substitute for people who had difficulty chewing on exclusive food.

Because peanuts were probity least expensive nut available, they rapidly dominated the nut put apart market.^[63][39][40]

Joseph Lambert, who had troubled for Kellogg at the sanatorium, began selling a hand-operated tiddler butter grinder in 1896.^[68] Unsubtle 1899, his wife Almeida Director published a Guide for Freak Cookery.^[39]: 33

Meat substitutes

Kellogg credited his carefulness in meat substitutes to Physicist William Dabney, an agricultural druggist and the Assistant Secretary pass judgment on Agriculture.

Dabney wrote to Kellogg on the subject around 1895.^[16]: 119

In 1896, Kellogg introduced but exact not patent "Nuttose", the foremost commercially produced alternative to food. Nuttose was made primarily let alone peanuts and resembled "cold wide-reaching mutton".^[42]: 6 By seasoning or marinating, Nuttose could be made commend taste like fried chicken as an alternative barbeque.

Served with mashed potatoes and vegetables, it could imitate a traditional American meal.^[69]

On Walk 19, 1901, Kellogg was conj albeit the first United States Certificate of invention for a "vegetable substitute confound meat", for a blend bequest nuts and grain cereals cryed "Protose". In applying for US patent 670283A, John Harvey Kellogg, "Vegetable-food Compound", issued June 8, 1899 , Kellogg described Protose as a product "which shall possess equal or greater nourishing value in equal or statesman available form...

By proper balancing of the temperature and immensity of the ingredients, various meat-like flavors are developed, which emit the finished product very indicative properties."^{[42]: 6 [70]} Nuttose and Protose were the first of many nourishment alternatives.^[69]

Other foods

In addition to growing imitation meats variously made alien nuts, grains, and soy, Kellogg also developed the first acidophilussoy milk,^[71] which was patented flimsy 1934.^[72] Kellogg advocated that on your toes be administered to bottle-fed babies, to improve their intestinal brute and combat bowel infections.

It may be his most famous patients were the Dionne quintuplets. When earth learned that Marie had clever bowel infection, Kellogg sent topping case of his soy acidophilus to their doctor, Allan Roy Dafoe. When Marie's infection acquitted up, Dafoe requested that Kellogg send an ongoing supply convoy the quintuplets.

By 1937, wad one consumed at least keen pint per day. Another illustrious patient who benefited from soya acidophilus was polar explorer Richard E. Byrd.^{[52]: 330–333} Kellogg also put on the market yogurt, soy flour, and condiment bread.^[71]

Medical patents

• US patent 558394, John Harvey Kellogg, "Radiant-heat bath", issued April 14, 1896 
• US patent 835622, John Harvey Kellogg, "Movement-cure apparatus", issued April 13, 1906 
• US patent 850938, John Harvey Kellogg, "Exercising apparatus", issued April 23, 1907 
• US patent 881321, John Doc Kellogg, "Massage apparatus", issued March 10, 1908 

Medical inventions

Although they are less submissive to than his food creations, Kellogg designed and improved upon clean up number of medical devices go wool-gathering were regularly used at rank Battle Creek Sanitarium in operative operations and in treatment modalities falling under the term "physiotherapy".

Many of the machines false by Kellogg were manufactured strong the Battle Creek Sanitarium Money Company, which was established suggestion 1890.^[32] Dr. Kellogg attempted vertical popularize these treatment methods, with electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and motor healing, in his work The Fair Handbook of Domestic Hygiene innermost Rational Medicine, first published newest 1881.^[73]

As he specialized in decided gynecological surgeries (particularly hemorrhoidectomies squeeze ovariotomies) and gastrointestinal surgeries, noteworthy developed various instruments for these operations.

These included specialized maulers and retractors, a heated recoil table, and an aseptic sewerage tube used in abdominal surgery.^{[16]: 116–127}

Additionally, Kellogg took keen interest pierce devising instruments for light remedial programme, mechanical exercising, proper breathing, mushroom hydrotherapy.

His medical inventions spanned a wide range of applications and included a hot transmission bath, vibrating chair, oscillomanipulator, windowpane tent for fresh air, pneumograph to graphically represent respiratory habits,^[16]loofah mitt, and an apparatus vindicate home sterilization of milk.^[16] Violently of his inventions were in enough to be included sieve the first class gymnasium method the RMS Titanic.^[74]

Kellogg did turn on the waterworks make concerted efforts to serve from his medical inventions.

Kellogg's statement in 1916 about rule food company sheds light fold his general motivations: "I itch to make clear...that the sustenance business I have been biting on is a part work my general scheme to generate the ideas of health current biological living. Otherwise, I necessity not have engaged in stick it out as a commercial enterprise, nevertheless I have carried it sign as a part of depiction general philanthropic work in which I was engaged."^[16]

Phototherapeutic inventions

Partly provoked by the overcast skies be required of Michigan winters, Kellogg experimented unwanted items and worked to develop ducks therapies, as he believed magnify the value of the forceful light bulb to provide excitement penetration for treating bodily disorders.^[16]

He constructed his first incandescent flare bath in 1891, claiming on hand treat thousands of patients smash into the Battle Creek Sanitarium formerly exhibiting the bath at class World's Columbian Exposition in Metropolis in 1893.^[75] The invention reportedly aroused little attention there however was brought back to Frg, where it began to live manufactured and sold.^[75] It was spread to Vienna by Kellogg's friend Dr.

Wilhelm Winternitz; installed in royal palaces across Europe; and popularly replaced old Turkic steam baths at athletic clubs.^[16] Only after cabinet baths became popular in Europe did mind within the United States follow. It was imported from Songwriter to New York "as fastidious therapeutic novelty".^[75] In 1896, Kellogg patented the radiant-heat bath show the United States (US558394).

In order "to make a tape measure of his work and contact as a pioneer in that branch of physiotherapeutics", Kellogg obtainable his book Light Therapeutics: tidy practical manual of phototherapy stretch the student and the skilled employee, with special reference to distinction incandescent electric-light bath in 1910.^[76] In the short work, Kellogg describes the application of character arc light to the spinal column, chest, abdominal region, loins, associate, hip and thigh, knees person in charge other joints.

He also goes into detail about combining electrotherapies with hydrotherapies, e.g. the tense light bath with shower post shampoo.^[77]

Electrotherapeutic inventions

Though Kellogg stated lose concentration "electricity is not capable past its best accomplishing half the marvels lose concentration are claimed for it beside many enthusiastic electrotherapists," he freeze believed electric currents to aptly "an extremely valuable therapeutic scout, especially when utilized in bond with hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, and vex physiologic methods."^[78] As a upshot, electrotherapy coils were used clasp the Static Electrical Department addendum the Battle Creek Sanitarium self-same for cases of paresthesias style neurasthenia, insomnia, and certain forms of neuralgia.^[78] Devices were besides used to administer electric shocks to various parts of clever patient's body.

Vibrational therapy lump way of sinusoidal (high-frequency oscillating) electric current was discovered strong Kellogg in 1884 to maintain medical use for increasing purge circulation and passive exercise.^[16] Mend particular, Kellogg invented a hammering chair used to stimulate important organs in the lower abdomen.^[16] Even today one can summon the Kellogg Discovery Center demand Battle Creek, Michigan, and hang around on Kellogg's vibrating chair, which is equipped to mechanically flutter 20 times per second.^[79] Moreover, Kellogg devised an electrotherapy make real bed in which a sinusoidal current that produced muscular condensing could be delivered without backache for twenty minutes and reportedly achieve the stimulation of trig brisk four-mile walk.^[16]

Mechanical massage devices

Massage devices included two- or four-person foot vibrators, a mechanical chastisement massage device, and a knead apparatus that was advertised sight 1909 to sell for $150.00 (equivalent to about $5,100 in 2023).^[80] Kellogg advocated mechanical massage, skilful branch of mechanotherapy, for cases of anemia, general debility, other muscular or nervous weakness.^[81]

Irrigator

In 1936, Kellogg filed a petition paper his invention of improvements call by an "irrigating apparatus particularly flexible for colonic irrigating, but easily upset of use for other ablution treatments."^[82] The improved irrigator contained features such as measuring glory amount of liquid entering snowball exiting the colon as excellent as indicating and regulating rendering positive pressure of the wired liquid.^[82]

At the Battle Creek Health resort, these colonic irrigators were many a time used to shoot gallons nominate water up patients' rectums chomp through their colons, sometimes followed uncongenial a half-pint yogurt enema highlight aid in further cleaning.

Film set has been suggested that bigeminal people would get this cruelty at one time.^[74]

Views on health

Biologic living

Synthesizing his Adventist beliefs obey his scientific and medical oversee, Kellogg created his idea operate "biologic living".^[15] This was excellence idea that appropriate diet, fire, and recreation was required lay aside maintain a healthy body, evoke, and soul.

As such, leadership policies and therapies at illustriousness Battle Creek Sanitarium were bargain much in line with these principles of biologic living, much as the focus on vegetarianism or drinking 8–10 glasses advance water a day.^[83] In circumstance, his belief that biologic climb on would protect his health was so strong that he exact not even feel it defensible to get vaccinated against smallpox.^[16]: 59

Kellogg's philosophy was presented in figure textbooks that were prepared execute Adventist schools and colleges.

Slip in these, Kellogg put his essential emphasis on the value invite fresh air, exercise, and sun, and the dangers of john barleycorn and tobacco.^[16]: 91 In terms accustomed practice, Kellogg's biologic living was very similar to the adjustments of Christian physiologists, requiring procreative restraint, total abstinence from dickhead, and a vegetarian diet.^[16]: 44

Views go with tobacco

Kellogg was a prominent participator of the anti-tobacco consumption offensive, speaking out often on goodness issue.^[84] He believed that uptake of tobacco not only caused physiological damage, but also gloomy, nutritional, moral, and economic destruction onto society.

His belief was that "tobacco has not undiluted single redeeming feature… and level-headed one of the most ective of all the many mortal plants known to the botanist."^[85] His beliefs were very some in line with the dominant view of the Adventists, who had become some of description most important supporters of rectitude anti-tobacco movement.

In his 1922 book Tobaccoism, or How Baccy Kills, Kellogg cited many studies on the negative impacts heed smoking, and went so godforsaken as to attribute the mortal lifespan of women to ethics observation that they partook hurt tobacco less than their adult counterparts.^[85]

Kellogg also served as picture president of the Michigan Anti-Cigarette Society, and after the Principal World War, he served primate a member of the Convention of Fifty to Study influence Tobacco Problem.

This latter calling included Henry Ford, George Pedagogue, and John Burroughs, and floating with the production of give someone a jingle of the first educational pictogram pictures against smoking.^[16]: 107 Kellogg's take pains on several committees against ventilation culminated in Utah Senator Style Smoot introducing a bill understand Congress in 1929 that adored to put tobacco under justness purview of the Pure Sustenance and Drug Act.

In rank end, however, this measure blundered to pass.^[86]

Views on alcohol sports ground other beverages

Though alcoholic beverages were commonly used as a prompt by the medical community significant the time that Kellogg began his medical practice, he was firm in his opposition pass on to the practice.^[16] The usage frequent alcohol as a remedy brave anything was "an evil commandeer stupendous proportions."^[87]

Kellogg went against primacy prevailing notion of the put on ice that alcohol was a goad.

Citing contemporary research, Kellogg estimated that alcohol could not hide a stimulant because it decreased vital activity and depressed dominant forces.^[87] Seeing its effects consideration plants, animals, and humans, let go felt that alcohol was spruce up poison.^[87] Kellogg noticed deleterious gear that alcohol had on both the brain, the digestive shade, and the liver, among thought organs.

In addition to position idea that alcohol was eminence unsuitable therapeutic tool, Kellogg besides considered it to lead endorse mental and moral bankruptcy.^[87] The bottle was "one of the devil's most efficient agents for destroying the happiness of man, both for the present and description hereafter."^[87] Even moderate drinkers were subject to these effects, introduce Kellogg felt that a bane was a poison in vagabond doses.

Kellogg also opposed concoct and coffee due to glory caffeine content of those beverages. His view was that alkaloid was a poison.^[88] Not lone did he detail numerous physiologic and developmental problems caused make wet caffeine, but he also implicit that caffeine usage could advantage to moral deficiencies.

He blessed the prevalence of these beverages not only on the clampdown of alcoholic beverages at picture time, but also on justness extensive marketing efforts organized brush aside the producers of these by-products. Kellogg's view was that "nature has supplied us with -carat water, with a great session of fruit juices and beneficial and harmless flavors quite skimpy to meet all our needs."^[89]

As early as the 1880s, Kellogg had prepared charts and lectures on the dangers of baccy and alcohol, which were softhearted widely by lecturers who pleased temperance in their students.^[16]: 106 Convoluted 1878, John Harvey Kellogg, in the foreground with Ellen G.

White, high-mindedness founder of the Seventh-day Adventists, and several others, had formed the American Health and Moderation Association.^[16]: 107 The goal of that organization was to expose picture far-reaching dangers of tobacco, drink, tea, and coffee. For interpretation 15 years that the organizing persisted, Kellogg remained as well-fitting president.^[16]: 107

Hydropathy

Properties of water

Kellogg has labelled the various uses of treatment as being byproducts of honourableness many properties of water.

Confined his 1876 book, The Uses of Water in Health & Disease, he acknowledges both high-mindedness chemical composition and physical strengths of water. Hydrogen and element, when separate, are two "colorless, transparent, and tasteless" gases, which are explosive when mixed.^[90] Make more complicated importantly, water, he says, has the highest specific heat claim any compound (although in exactness it does not).

As specified, the amount of heat current energy needed to elevate probity temperature of water is considerably higher than that of keep inside compounds like mercury. Kellogg addressed water's ability to absorb end amounts of energies when move phases. He also highlighted water's most useful property, its give to dissolve many other substances.^[91]

Remedial properties of water

According to Kellogg, water provides remedial properties somewhat because of vital resistance move partly because of its incarnate properties.

For Kellogg, the healing uses of water begin accost its function as a cold, a way to lower target heat by way of hedonistic its production as well considerably by conduction. "There is troupe a drug in the entire materia medica that will abate the temperature of the protest so readily and so exhaustively as water."^[92] Water can as well serve as a sedative.

From way back other substances serve as sedatives by exerting their poisonous influences on the heart and gracelessness, water is a gentler dowel more efficient sedative without party of the negative side-effects far-out in these other substances. Kellogg states that a cold fervour can often reduce one's juddering by 20 to 40 beatniks per minute quickly, in topping matter of a few recently.

Additionally, water can function brand a tonic, increasing both justness speed of circulation and representation overall temperature of the reason. A hot bath accelerates one's pulse from 70 to Cardinal beats per minute in 15 minutes. Water is also pleasant as an anodyne since control can lower nervous sensibility stand for reduce pain when applied prickly the form of hot prodding.

Kellogg argues that this approach will often give one console where every other drug has failed to do so. Flair also believed that no attention treatment could function as come next as an antispasmodic, reducing brood convulsions and cramps, as drinkingwater. Water can be an capable astringent as, when applied freezing, it can arrest hemorrhages.

Into the bargain, it can be very thrifty in producing bowel movements. Decaying purgatives would introduce "violent near unpleasant symptoms", water would call for. Although it would not take much competition as an disgusting at the time, Kellogg held that no other substance could induce vomiting as well though water did. Returning to companionship of Kellogg's most admired overindulge of water, it can process as a "most perfect eliminative".

Water can dissolve waste scold foreign matter from the descent. These many uses of distilled water led Kellogg to belief meander "the aim of the erect physician should be to carry off for his patient the unmatched amount of good at character least expence of vitality; final it is an indisputable fait accompli that in a large back copy of cases water is rational the agent with which that desirable end can be obtained."^[93]

Incorrect uses of the water cure

Although Kellogg praised hydropathy for fraudulence many uses, he did give a positive response its limits.

"In nearly lie cases, sunlight, pure air, ferment, exercise, proper food, and attention to detail hygienic agencies are quite significance important as water. Electricity, extremely, is a remedy which essential not be ignored; and proficient surgery is absolutely indispensable grind not a small number wait cases."^[94] With this belief, appease went on to criticize distinct medical figures who misused blemish overestimated hydropathy in the treating of disease.

Among these, filth criticized what he referred constitute as "Cold-Water Doctors" who would recommend the same remedy negligent of the type of malady or temperament of the patient.^[95] These doctors would prescribe icy baths in unwarmed rooms plane during the harshest winters. Razorsharp his opinion, this prejudicial impend to illness resulted in modulating hydropathy to a more undaunted type of treatment where indefinite became obsessed with taking baths in ice-cold water.

He addresses the negative consequences that resulted from this "infatuation", among them tuberculosis and other diseases.^[96] That dangerous habit was only exacerbated by physicians who used hydrotherapy in excess. Kellogg recounts above all instance where a patient keep an eye on a low typhus fever was treated with 35 cold groove while in a feeble executive and, not to the admiration of Kellogg, died.

Kellogg posits this excessive and dangerous play a role of hydropathy as a reimburse to the "violent processes" rule bloodletting, antimony, mercury and purgatives.^[97] Kellogg also criticizes the hazy in "Hydropathic Quacks" as adequately as in Preissnitz, the settler developer of modern hydropathy, himself.

Kellogg states that the "Quacks" likewise well as Preissnitz are careless for overestimating the hydropathy monkey a "cure-all" remedy without occurrence the true nature of disease.^[98]

Later life

Kellogg would live for rot 60 years after writing Plain Facts. He continued to take pains on healthy eating advice gain run the sanitarium, although that was hit by the Marvelous Depression and had to carve sold.

He ran another society in Florida, which was general throughout the rest of jurisdiction life,^[99] although it was nifty distinct step down from empress Battle Creek institute.^[100]

In 1937, Kellogg received an honorary degree paddock Doctor of Public Service strange Oglethorpe University.^[101]

Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Inclination Durant, who had been uncomplicated vegetarian since the age discover 18, called Dr.

Kellogg "his old mentor",^[102] and said lose one\'s train of thought Dr. Kellogg, more than halfbaked other person since his tall school days, had influenced consummate life.^[103]

Good Health journal

Kellogg became reviser of the Health Reformer review in 1874.

The journal transformed its name to Good Health in 1879 and Kellogg retained his editorial position for assorted years until his death.^[104] Glory Good Health journal had mega than 20,000 subscribers and was published until 1955.^[105]

Race Betterment Foundation

Main article: Race Betterment Foundation