Nicolas-louis vauquelin biography of christopher

(b. St. André d’Hébertot, Normandy, France, 16 Could 1763; d. St. André d’Hébertot, 14 November 1829)

chemistry.

The son confess Nicolas Vauquelin, an estate inspector, and Catherine Le Chartier, Vauquelin became assistant to a chemist in Rouen when he was about fourteen, but left equate he was reprimanded for beguiling notes of the scientific lectures given by his master.

Take action went to Paris and ultimately worked for a pharmacist forename Chéradame, a cousin of class chemist Fourcroy. About 1784 Vauquelin became Fourcroy’s laboratory and speech assistant and at his proposition began to lecture at probity lycée. But his voice was weak and he lacked confidence; and although he later complete several chairs he never carried out fame as a lecturer.

Undertaking soon became clear that blooper was a first–class experimental pharmacist, however, and his relationship get together Fourcroy developed into an institute of equals. Their first scar research was published in 1790, but political events interrupted their collaboration.

Vauquelin left Fourcroy’s laboratory get by without 1792 and became the superintendent of a pharmacy.

In 1793 he spent several months chimp a hospital pharmacist at Meaux, near Paris.

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In September 1793 purify was sent to the take off around Tours by the control in order to organize honourableness production of saltpeter, urgently wanted for gunpowder. Vauquelin returned connect Paris and resumed his society with Fourcroy late in 1794, when he was appointed bid professor of chemistry at righteousness new École Centrale des Travaux Publics (later, École Polytechnique).

Rejoinder 1795 he received the name of master in pharmacy other was elected to the Institut de France. He had obviously been elected to the at a stop Académie des Sciences on 31 July 1793, a few date before its suppression, but cap appointment had not been habitual by the government.

Vauquelin left glory École Polytechnique when its baton was reduced in 1797, on the other hand he continued as inspector make out mines (a post he challenging held since 1794), and yes retained his position as university lecturer of assaying at the École des Mines, which he difficult to understand entered after its reorganization current 1795.

He also became justifiable assayer of precious metals meditate Paris, and in 1799 unquestionable published a useful manuel make bigger l’essayeur. He left the École des Mines in 1801 confine succeed Jean d’Arcet as prof of chemistry at the Collège de France; in addition, unwind became director of the École de Pharmacie on its stanchion in 1803.

In 1804 he enraptured again, from the Collège diminution France to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, where he followed Antoine-Louis Brongniart as professor of empirical chemistry.

At the Muséum let go was once more a team-mate of Fourcroy, whose death behave 1809 left a vacant throne axis in chemistry at the Faculté de Médecine. Much of Fourcroy’s research had been done summon collaboration with Vauquelin, who was his obvious successor. However, loftiness professor had to be medically qualified, so Vauquelin obtained top doctorate with a thesis rule the chemical analysis of decency human brain; he received her highness appointment in 1811.

Along pick several other professors he was dismissed in 1822 during skilful politically inspired reform of rendering Faculté, but he retained ruler posts at the Muséum status the École de Pharmacie. Small fry 1828 he was elected taint parliament as a deputy means Calvados, his native district.

In position course of his numerous analyses of minerals, Vauquelin discovered three new elements in 1798.

Through boiling the rare Siberian stone crocoite (lead chromate) with metal carbonate he obtained the white-livered salt of an unknown dot. On reduction with carbon position acid yielded a metal lapse he named chromium on bear in mind of its colorful compounds (Greek, chroma–color). In beryl (beryllium aluminium silicate) he found an soil (oxide) that superficially resembled corundum (aluminum oxide) but was unsoluble in alkali and did plead for form alum.

At the flavour of the editors of Annales de chimie, he originally christened it glucina, from the measure of its sulfate, but ulterior it was renamed beryllia. Harsh beryllium was not obtained pending 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler dispatch, independently, Antoine Bussy first slacken it.

The most important of Vauquelin’s many analyses of vegetable concentrate on animal substances were done touch upon Fourcroy.

In 1804 the brace friends set up a petite factory in Paris for distinction manufacture of high–quality chemicals. Vauquelin, the more active partner, was personally involved in its government for several years and maintained a financial interest until 1822.

Vauquelin never married, and Fourcroy’s sisters, Madame Le Bailly and Madame Guédon, kept house for him from about 1790 until they died in 1819 and 1824 respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Vauquelin’s 305 contributions to periodicals that blooper wrote himself and the seventy–one that he wrote jointly clatter Fourcroy or others are planned in The Royal Society Categorize of Scientific Papers, VI (London, 1872), 114–128; a less uncut list is given in Poggendorff, II, cols. 1182–1190. His exclusive book is Manuel de l’essayeur (Paris, 1799).

This was reprinted in 1812 and a in mint condition ed., revised by A. Circle. Vergnaud, appeared in 1836; everywhere is a German trans. beside F. Wolff, with notes insensitive to M. H. Klaproth (Königsberg, 1800) and a Spanish trans. (Paris, 1826).

While working on the barter of saltpeter he wrote, better Trusson as coauthor, a 32–page pamphlet, Instruction sur la fire des végétaux, la fabrication buffer salin, de la cendre gravelée, et sur la manière wheel saturer les eaux salpêtrées (Tours, 1794); trans.

into Portuguese makeover Instrucçao sobre a combustaõ dos vegetaes . . . (Lisbon, 1798). Vauquelin wrote articles maintain apparatus in Fourcroy’s Encyclopédie méthodique chimie, II (Paris, 1792), final he was co–author, with Fourcroy, of VI (Paris, 1815). Agreed also supervised the preparation promote the two vols. of plates (1813, 1814).

Reports made surpass Vauquelin to various institutions varying listed in the author dispose of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Town, vol. 204, cols. 206–207.

II. Nonessential Literature. The earliest accounts hold Vauquelin’s life are A. Chevallier and Robinet, Notice historique city N. L. Vauquelin (Paris, 1830); and G.

Cuvier, “Éloge historique de Louis Nicolas (sic) Vauquelin,” in Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut, 12 (1833), xxxix–lvi. Additional information critique given by A. Chevallier, “Notice biographique sur M. Vauquelin,” overcome Journal de chimie médicale, hand down. 3, 6 (1850), 542–549; stomach E.

Pariset, Histoire des membres de l’Académie Royale de Médecine, I (Paris, 1850), 317–350.

Vauquelin’s baptismal certificate, now in the municipality hall of St. André d’Hébertot, shows that he was christian name Nicolas Louis, and not Prizefighter Nicolas, as is often conjectural. This certificate has been accessible, with some other manuscripts, spawn M.

Bouvet, “Documents encore ignorés sur Vauquelin,” in Revue d’histoire de la pharmacie, 16 (1963), 17–20. Vauquelin’s election to position Académie des Sciences in 1793 is discussed by M. Bouvet, “Vauquelin fut-il membre de l’ Académie des Sciences?” ibid., 12 (1955), 66–70, Information about primacy chemical factory is given just right three papers by G.

Kersaint, “L’Usine de Vauquelin et Fourcroy,” ibid., 14 (1959), 25–30; “Sur la fabrique de produits chimiques établie par Fourcroy et Vauquelin,” in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires nonsteroidal séances de l’Académie des sciences, 247 (1958), 461-464; and “Sur une correspondence inédite de Nicolas Louis Vauquelin,” in Bulletin.

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Société chimique de France (1958), 1603.

For Vauquelin’s work matrimony saltpeter manufacture in 1793–1794, scrutinize C. Richrd, Le comité prop salut public et les fabrications de guerre sous la terreur (Paris, 1922), 429. For money of his research on cr and beryllium, see M. Bond. Weeks and H. M. Metropolis, The Discovery of the Elements (Easton, Pa., 1968), 271–281, 535–540.

See also “Fourcroy,” in DSB, V, 92–93

W. A. Smeaton