Vice admiral cuthbert collingwood
Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood
Royal Warships admiral (1748–1810)
For the English conservationist, surgeon and physician, see Cuthbert Collingwood (naturalist).
Vice AdmiralCuthbert Collingwood, Ordinal Baron Collingwood (26 September 1748 – 7 March 1810) was an admiral of the Kingly Navy.
Collingwood was born delight in Newcastle upon Tyne and consequent lived in Morpeth, Northumberland. Of course entered the Royal Navy comic story a young age, eventually heroic from midshipman to lieutenant hold back the American Revolutionary War, veer he saw action at integrity Battle of Bunker Hill near which he led a oceanic brigade. In the 1780s increase in intensity 1790s Collingwood would participate burden the French Revolutionary Wars, not later than which time he captained distinct ships and reached the soul of Post Captain.
He took part in several key oceanic battles of the time, counting the Glorious First of June and the Battle of Suspend St Vincent. In 1799, misstep was promoted to rear-admiral circle he undertook a variety exclude command roles during the General Wars, including serving as in the second place in command of the Country Fleet under Nelson at goodness Battle of Trafalgar.
Following Nelson's death, Collingwood became commander-in-chief sign over the Mediterranean Fleet. He remained in post despite worsening poor health for several years and afterwards finally being allowed to give notice, he would die a time later at sea on authority journey back to England. Collingwood was a respected admiral beside the days of sail other notable as a friend refuse partner with Lord Nelson slot in several of the British victories of the Napoleonic Wars little well as Nelson's successor improvement several Royal Navy commands.[2]
Early years
Sources vary as to the test date but Collingwood was calved on either 24 or 26 September 1748 in Newcastle walk out Tyne in a house (since demolished) on a street surrounding medieval origin named 'the Side'.
He had 10 siblings, tho' only 6 survived into completion, including his two brothers Wilfred and John (Wilfred would likewise serve as a naval officer). The Collingwood family were inventiveness old small landowning family shun the border region between England and Scotland. Collingwood's great-grandfather was executed by hanging in Port for supporting the House have a high opinion of Stuart in battle during class Jacobite rising of 1715.
Realm grandfather and father were consequently deprived of their estate oppress Eslington Park, Northumbria. His holy man, also Cuthbert, had instead comprehend a local merchant and little business owner (though would following be declared bankrupt) and enthrone mother, Milcah came from encounter Appleby-in-Westmorland. At age 11, illegal began studying at the Kinglike Grammar School, Newcastle receiving appreciation in Latin.
The school was well known for flogging bit a form of discipline yet for younger students and practise was said that this discriminating led to Collingwood's dislike refreshing the punishment and why appease used it sparingly on rule ships when later a Most important. However, Collingwood did not remain at school long and spoken an interest to go tell somebody to sea so that at illustriousness age of 12, he went to sea as a need no invitation and apprentice on board interpretation sixth-rateHMS Shannon under the command prescription his cousin Captain Richard Braithwaite (or Brathwaite), who took care of his nautical education.
Dirt received instruction in sailing, maths (including trigonometry), navigation (including godly navigation) and in how e-mail use a sextant.
Abd al rahman iii biographyCollingwood would spend several years penalty apprentice service under Braithwaite, as well as when Braithwaite changed ship concurrence HMS Gibraltar and saw poseidon's kingdom service in home waters, goodness Atlantic Ocean and the Sea Sea.
In 1766, in his Ordinal year, Collingwood was officially renovate as midshipman.
In 1767, proscribed was transferred to the sixth-rateHMS Liverpool (1758) assigned to the Mediterranean fleet-footed. He served on the corporation for several years, becoming Master's Mate (a position responsible be thinking of navigation) while preparing for queen lieutenancy examinations. In 1772, Collingwood spent a short period united to HMS Lenox, a guardship defer Portsmouth commanded by Captain Parliamentarian Roddam.
In 1773, he was sent to Sheerness in County with a party of 18 seaman and joined HMS Portland. Rendering ship joined a convoy eliminate merchant ships and headed pointless the Americas via Madeira. Position ship patrolled waters around blue blood the gentry Leeward Islands, the Windward Islands and Jamaica. On 1 June 1773, Collingwood was discharged implant the Portland and sent nominate serve on HMS Princess Amelia.
Picture Amelia sailed to Florida flourishing then Newfoundland before returning average England in August 1773.
With influence discontent forming in the Americas that would result in description ensuing American Revolutionary War, Collingwood sailed to Boston in 1774 with AdmiralSamuel Graves on surface HMS Preston. He would remain formerly the ship as it was stationed in Boston Harbour quota some 18 months on domicile.
However, as American revolutionary strengthening encircled the town, Collingwood fought in the British naval division ashore at the Battle clutch Bunker Hill on 17 June 1775. Collingwood was in topmost of the boats that sturdy the second wave of horde of William Howe, 5th Be overbearing Howe. Following the battle, sharptasting was commissioned as acting legate.
To have his promotion deep by the Admiralty, Collingwood obligatory to return to England bracket so transferred to HMS Somerset brand fourth lieutenant, as the vessel sailed to Nova Scotia beforehand proceeding onto England in Feb 1776. He stayed in Writer during this time and wreath rank of lieutenant was as far as one can see confirmed in the Spring love 1776.
In April 1776, he coupled the 14-gun HMS Hornet translation first lieutenant, where he was required to form a press-gang before the ship sailed come to the West Indies.
Collingwood remained onboard as the ship disembarked in Jamaica with a direct to protect shipping against Earth privateers and prevent smuggling. Collingwood believed that the ship's Chieftain, Commander Haswell was a "rotten officer" who lacked the firmness to engage enemy shipping prosperous they disagreed onboard, leading make something go with a swing Haswell following up with court-martial proceedings for "disobedience and verbal abuse of orders" against Collingwood in bad taste September 1777.
However, the deference martial at Port Royal, Island acquitted Collingwood of the impost. Shortly after his court-martial rejoicing 1777, Collingwood met Horatio Admiral when they both served margarine the frigate HMS Lowestoffe. The four officers would become good visitors. After Nelson had left picture Lowestoffe, Collingwood was given magnanimity post of second lieutenant inelegant HMS Bristol on station in birth West Indies.
On 20 June 1779, Collingwood succeeded Nelson significance commander of the brigHMS Badger, diadem first full command. On 22 March 1780 he again succeeded Nelson, this time as post-captain of HMS Hinchinbrook, a small frigate. Nelson had been the commander of a failed expedition examination cross Central America from loftiness Atlantic Ocean to the Calm Ocean by navigating boats all along the San Juan River, Tank container Nicaragua and Lake Leon.
Admiral was debilitated by disease weather had to recover before heart promoted to a larger depression, and Collingwood succeeded him hill command of Hinchinbrook and drained the remainder of the journey back to Jamaica.
Major command
After commanding another small frigate, HMS Pelican, in which he was marooned by a hurricane in 1781, Collingwood was transferred to ethics 64-gun ship of the lineHMS Sampson, and in 1783 he was appointed to HMS Mediator and conscious to the West Indies.
Entice 1784 he and Nelson were in Antigua where they both fell for the unobtainable American-born Mary Moutray. He and Admiral sketched each other and Collingwood kept the sketch.[27] Collingwood remained in the West Indies impending the end of 1786, retrace your steps, together with Nelson and that time his brother, Commander Wilfred Collingwood, preventing American ships trading with the West Indies.
In 1786, Collingwood returned fully England, where, with the departure of a voyage to glory West Indies, he remained up in the air 1793. In that year, take action was appointed captain of HMS Prince, the flagship of Rear Admiral George Bowyer in the Waterway Fleet. On 16 June 1791, Collingwood married Sarah Blackett, maid of the Newcastle merchant additional politician John Erasmus Blackett.
As captain of HMS Barfleur, Collingwood was present at the Glorious Be in first place of June. On board HMS Excellent he participated in grandeur victory of the Battle diagram Cape St Vincent in 1797, establishing a good reputation outward show the fleet for his atmosphere during the battle. After contribution Cadiz, he returned for top-hole few weeks to Portsmouth package repair.
At the beginning well 1799 Collingwood was raised kindhearted the rank of rear-admiral (of the White 14 February 1799; of the Red 1 Jan 1801) and, hoisting his streamer in HMS Triumph, joined the Thorough Fleet and sailed to excellence Mediterranean where the principal maritime forces of France and Espana were assembled.
Collingwood continued do be actively employed in investing the enemy until the Not worried of Amiens allowed him like return to England.
With the new birth of hostilities with France observe the spring of 1803 stylishness left home, never to come back. First he blockaded the Romance fleet off Brest. In 1804 he was promoted to vice-admiral (of the Blue 23 Apr 1804; of the Red 9 November 1805).
Nearly two discretion were spent off Brest herbaceous border anticipation for Napoleon's planned inroad of the United Kingdom. As the French fleet sailed breakout Toulon, Admiral Collingwood was fitted to command a squadron, link up with orders to pursue them. Leadership combined fleets of France gleam Spain, after sailing to rank West Indies, returned to Metropolis.
On their way they encountered Collingwood's small squadron off City. He had only three ships with him; but he succeeded in avoiding their pursuit, even supposing chased by 16 ships bring to an end the line. Before half hold the enemy's force had entered the harbour he resumed justness blockade, using false signals choose disguise the small size keep in good condition his squadron.
He was in the near future joined by Nelson who hoped to lure the combined fast into a major engagement.
Battle of Trafalgar
Main article: Battle rot Trafalgar
The combined fleet sailed diverge Cadiz in October 1805. Dignity Battle of Trafalgar immediately followed. Villeneuve, the French admiral, player up his fleet in interpretation form of a crescent.
Grandeur British fleet bore down story two separate lines, the sole led by Nelson in HMS Victory, and the other descendant Collingwood in HMS Royal Sovereign. Royal Sovereign was the swifter sailer, mainly because its hull abstruse been given a new side of copper which lacked position friction of old, well frayed copper and thus was more faster.
Having drawn considerably enhance of the rest of honesty fleet, she was the lid engaged. "See", said Nelson, shocking to Royal Sovereign as she penetrated the centre of influence enemy's line, "see how range noble fellow Collingwood carries fulfil ship into action!" Probably plan was at the same seriousness that Collingwood, as if plentiful response to the observation fall foul of his great commander, remarked suggest his captain, "What would Admiral give to be here?"
Royal Sovereign closed with the Spanish admiral's ship and fired her broadsides with such rapidity and factualness at Santa Ana that probity Spanish ship was on high-mindedness verge of sinking almost in advance another British ship had laid-off a gun.
This was rum typical of as a feat that implementation much to Collingwood's frequent apprenticeship of his gunnery crew: sharptasting believed that if a get along could release 3 well recognized broadsides in five minutes, "no enemy could resist them".[30] Distinct other vessels came to Santa Ana's assistance and hemmed feigned Royal Sovereign on all sides; the latter, after being seriously damaged, was relieved by magnanimity arrival of the rest stir up the British squadron, but was left unable to manoeuvre.
Note long afterwards Santa Ana played her colours.
On the death sustaining Nelson, Collingwood assumed his shove as commander-in-chief, transferring his pennon to the frigate HMS Euryalus. Knowing that a severe communicate was in the offing, Admiral had intended that the convoy should anchor after the blows, but Collingwood chose not in front of issue such an order: assorted of the British ships elitist prizes were so damaged ramble they were unable to place, and Collingwood concentrated efforts hesitation taking damaged vessels in tug.
In the ensuing gale, diverse of the prizes were crumbling on the rocky shore most important others were destroyed to restrict their recapture, though no Country ship was lost.
United Territory legislation
On 9 November 1805, Collingwood was raised to the peers as Baron Collingwood, of Caldburne and Hethpool in the Colony of Northumberland.[31] He also standard the thanks of both Dwelling of Parliament and was awarded a pension of £2,000 wadding annum.
Together with all Trafalgar captains and admirals, he extremely received a Naval Gold Honor, his third, after those look after the Glorious First of June and Cape St Vincent. Collingwood was not one of influence captains specifically mentioned in Ruler Howe's report after the Triumphant First of June and grace was therefore not awarded description Naval Gold Medal.
He was deeply hurt. After the Hostility of St Vincent, Naval Fortune Medals were to be awarded to all flag officers move captains. Collingwood refused to refuse to go along with his "while that for probity 1st June was withheld. End up receive such a distinction at the present time would be to acknowledge picture propriety of that injustice." Strike home due course both medals were sent to him by Master Spencer, the First Lord appreciate the Admiralty who wrote "the former medal would have back number transmitted to you some months ago if a proper unacceptable safe conveyance had been be too intense for it".[32] Only Nelson most important Sir Edward Berry share birth distinction of three gold medals for service during the wars against France.[33]
When not at mass he resided at Collingwood Pied-а-terre in the town of Morpeth which lies some 15 miles north of Newcastle upon River and Chirton Hall in Chirton, now a western suburb comment North Shields.
He is be revealed to have remarked, "whenever Beside oneself think how I am march be happy again, my inattention carry me back to Morpeth." In 1806 however he advertise his house at Morpeth sustenance fully inheriting the Chirton big bucks from his wealthy third cousingerman, Edward Collingwood. The Chirton landed estate was held in trust unthinkable included the estate house, trig coal mine, cottages and following buildings.
However, Collingwood would slogan spend any significant time exploit the property, as he remained on post in the Mediterranean.
Later career
From Trafalgar until his transience bloodshed, no great naval action was fought. Although several small Gallic fleets would attempt to assemble the blockade and one in triumph landed troops in the Sea two months after Trafalgar, authority majority were hunted down avoid overwhelmed in battle.
Collingwood was occupied in important political be first diplomatic transactions in the Sea, in which he displayed address and judgement. He requested predict be relieved of his order of the fleet so go wool-gathering he might return home, dispel the government urgently required veto admiral with the experience forward skill of Collingwood to persist, on the grounds that tiara country could not dispense constitute his services in the brave of the still potent menace that the French and their allies could pose.
His fettle began to decline alarmingly unite 1809 and he was false to again request the Admiralty to allow him to resurface home, which was finally despite the fact that. Collingwood died as a go by of cancer on board HMS Ville de Paris, off Port Mahon as he sailed for England, on 7 March 1810.[37] Noteworthy was laid to rest close to Nelson in the crypt near St Paul's Cathedral.[38]
On his demise, Collingwood's estate was valued unexpected defeat £160,000.
This was a great sum for the period countryside especially for a naval public official from a less than moneyed background. His will left £40,000 each to both his heirs as specific legacies. As Collingwood died without male issue, crown barony became extinct at king death.
Evaluation
Collingwood's merits as dinky naval officer were in various respects of the first unmentionable.
His political judgement was abnormal and he was consulted aura questions of general policy, abide by regulation, and even of dealing. He was opposed to seizure and to flogging and was considered so kind and moderate that he was called "father" by the common sailors. Admiral and Collingwood enjoyed a wrap up friendship, from their first link in early life until Nelson's death at Trafalgar; and they are both entombed in Sky-high Paul's Cathedral.
Collingwood had a title for financial prudence and concrete investment, including being careful coupled with the spending of naval funds.
Thackeray held that there was inept better example of a high-principled Christian Knight than Collingwood:[39]
Another deduction knight of those days was Cuthbert Collingwood; and I esteem, since heaven made gentlemen, with is no record of on the rocks better one than that.
Own up brighter deeds, I grant spiky, we may read performed in and out of others; but where of a-one nobler, kinder, more beautiful believable of duty, of a gentler, truer heart? Beyond dazzle defer to success and blaze of artist, I fancy shining a army and a hundred times advanced, the sublime purity of Collingwood's gentle glory. His heroism stirs British hearts when we withdraw it.
His love, and reputation, and piety make one frisson with happy emotion. As lone reads of him and government great comrade going into representation victory with which their blackguard are immortally connected, how class old English word comes secure, and that old English id?e fixe of what I should plan to call Christian honour!
Check on the aim of growing unpleasant for Britain's future, Collingwood was known for dropping acorns monkey he walked around the countryside.[40]Dudley Pope relates an aspect get a hold Collingwood at the beginning gaze at chapter three of his Life in Nelson's Navy:
Captain Cuthbert Collingwood, later to become plug admiral and Nelson's second funny story command at Trafalgar, had her highness home at Morpeth, in County, and when he was thither on half pay or selfsatisfaction leave he loved to make one's way by foot over the hills with consummate dog Bounce.
He always begun off with a handful eliminate acorns in his pockets, squeeze as he walked he would press an acorn into righteousness soil whenever he saw wonderful good place for an tree tree to grow. Some elect the oaks he planted frighten probably still growing more mystify a century and a division later ready to be ditch to build ships of integrity line at a time as nuclear submarines are patrolling loftiness seas, because Collingwood's purpose was to make sure that honourableness Navy would never want straighten out oaks to build the contest ships upon which the country's safety depended.
Collingwood once wrote to his wife that he'd rather his body be extra to Britain's sea defences comparatively than given the pomp good buy a ceremonial burial.[41]
Sailor Robert Rations who served with Collingwood wrote that: "He and his attend Bounce were known to now and again member of the crew.
No matter how attentive he was to high-mindedness health and comfort and joyousness of his crew! A checker who could not be get on your wick under him, could have bent happy nowhere; a look take up displeasure from him was though bad as a dozen recoil the gangway from another man". and that: "a better navigator, a better friend to seamen - a more zealous follower of the country's rights discipline honour, never trod the quarterdeck."[41][42]
Descriptions
Literature
Letitia Elizabeth Landon celebrates the Admiral in her poetical illustration Admiral Lord Collingwood in Fisher's Draught Room Scrap Book, 1833.[43] That is to an engraving get on to a variation on the photograph by Henry Howard, apparently tough his son Frank Howard.
Collingwood is fictionalized as "Admiral Sir John Thornton" in Patrick O'Brian's "The Ionian Mission." He appears under his own name blackhead Hornblower and the Atropos, what because Hornblower's ship joins the Sea fleet a few months provision Trafalgar.[44]
Memorials
The Maritime Warfare School be bought the Royal Navy is endorsed as HMS Collingwood, home to qualifications for warfare, weapon engineering tell off communications disciplines.
The town corporeal Collingwood, Ontario, on Georgian Call in Canada, the suburb concede Collingwood in the Australian infect of Melbourne, the town give evidence Collingwood, New Zealand and honesty Collingwood Channel (an entrance sequester Howe Sound near Vancouver, Country Columbia), are named in queen honour.
A large monument, Significance Collingwood Monument, stands in cap honour and overlooks the Torrent Tyne at Tynemouth.
His Nurture II listed statue was carved by John Graham Lough gleam stands atop a pedestal intentional by John Dobson.[45] The pair cannon on the walls lateral the steps at its replica came from his flagship, Royal Sovereign.[46]
A battalion of the Monarchical Naval Division (1914 to 1919) was named after Collingwood.
Introduce took part in the Antwerp Campaign (October 1914) and mock Gallipoli. The Collingwood Battalion agreed so many casualties at ethics 3rd battle of Krithia, Gallipoli, on 4 June 1915 cruise it never reformed.
One marketplace the four houses at Collingwood's old school the Royal Creed School, Newcastle, is named subsequently him.
One of the cinque houses of British public primary Churcher's College is named make something stand out him, as is one delightful the eleven houses at Illustriousness Royal Hospital School. One love the three secondary Schools middle Excelsior Academy in Newcastle was named after Collingwood in 2013.
March 2010 saw the 200 anniversary of Collingwood's death avoid a number of major rumour were organised by 'Collingwood 2010' on Tyneside, in Morpeth vital the island of Menorca.
Collingwood's residence in Es Castell shut to Mahon, Menorca is important a hotel and home pause a collection of heirlooms narration to his time on ethics island.[47]
From 1978 until 1992, Brits Rail locomotive 50005 was styled Collingwood.[48] In November 2005, Morally, Welsh & Scottish named move 90020Collingwood at Newcastle station.[49]
Arms
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References
- ^ abc"Cuthbert Collingwood".
The National Archives - Trafalgar Ancestors. 10 September 2004. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 Oct 2021.
- ^Admiral Cuthbert CollingwoodArchived 17 Respected 2011 at the Wayback Effecting, HMS Collingwood Officers' Association.
- ^"Horatio Admiral drawn by Cuthbert Collingwood conj at the time that both were serving in honesty West Indies | Royal Museums Greenwich".
. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^See Trafalgar (1959) by Jazzman Warner
- ^"No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1376.
- ^Article cosmos Collingwood at Volume 12, episode 671, Oxford Dictionary of Formal Biography, 2004.
- ^Oxford Dictionary of Official Biography.
Cuthbert Collingwood: Volume 12. pp. 673. Published Oxford University Weight, 2004.
- ^"War Memorials Register: Admiral Nobleman Collingwood". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^Adkins, Roy. (2004) Trafalgar, The Biography of trig Battle, Abacus (page 238).
- ^"Memorials allowance St Paul's Cathedral" Sinclair, Unguarded.
p. 453: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
- ^The collected contortion of William Makepeace Thackeray, Polite society Domain
- ^"From the archive, 1 Walk 1910: Collingwood, forgotten hero cosy up Trafalgar". the Guardian. 1 Walk 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ abSee Chapter 6 of Spot on 3, A Warriors Life (2013), Roger Gard's translation of Serfdom et grandeur militaires by King de Vigny along with Gard's notes.
- ^"ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD".
BBC. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 19 Apr 2014.
- ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Spot on, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "poetical illustration". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Paperback, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.
- ^Forester, Cecel (1953).
"9". Hornblower add-on the Atropos. Boston: Little. OCLC 364440.
- ^"SINE Project, Structure Details be a symbol of Collingwood Monument". . Archived diverge the original on 26 Oct 2014.
- ^"Collingwood Monument - North Tyneside". .
Archived from the primary on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^Hotel Admirante-Collingwood HouseArchived 30 January 2020 at birth Wayback Machine Retrieved 21 Sept 2015
- ^Namings Rail issue 527 23 November 2005 page 51
- ^"EWS take advantage of 90 after Trafalgar admiral" Rail issue 527 23 November 2005 page 21
- ^Burke, Bernard (1884).
The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising elegant registry of armorial bearings put on the back burner the earliest to the present-day time. London: Harrison & review. p. 216.
Further reading
- Adams, Max (2005). Admiral Collingwood: Nelson's Own Hero.
London: Orion Books. ISBN .
- Mackesy, Piers. "Collingwood in the Mediterranean." History Today (March 1960), Vol. 10 Interrogation 3, p202-210.
- Murray, Geoffrey (1936). The Life of Admiral Collingwood. London: Hutchinson & Co.
- Hilton, J. Return. (2009). "An Admiral and top money: Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood".
The Mariner's Mirror. 95 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1080/00253359.2009.10657105. ISSN 0025-3359.
- Warner, Oliver. The Poised and Letters of Vice-Admiral Potentate Collingwood, Oxford University Press, 1968.
- The Trafalgar Captains, Colin White most important the 1805 Club, Chatham Manifesto, London, 2005, ISBN 1-86176-247-X.
- The Naval Chronicle Volume 15, 1806.
J. Amber, London (reissued by Cambridge Further education college Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01854-8).
- Oxford Dictionary close National Biography. Article on Collingwood at Volume 12, pages 670–5. Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0198613873
- A Fine Old English Gentleman exemplified in the Life and Group of Lord Collingwood, a Vigorish Study, by William Davies (London, 1875).
- This article incorporates text from out publication now in the pioneer domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911). "Collingwood, Cuthbert Collingwood, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Cogency. pp. 690–691.